Executive Summary
AI and cybersecurity have become critical to national competitiveness and
digital sovereignty, prompting countries to adopt distinct governance, strategy,
and regulatory models. This report analyzes major economies—the United States,
the European Union, China, and Japan—and emerging economies such as Saudi
Arabia and Singapore, comparing national approaches in AI and cybersecurity
and assessing their implications for global markets and corporate activities. The
findings show that the United States combines private-sector-led innovation with
executive action–based risk and safety measures, while the European Union is
shaping global norms through robust frameworks such as the EU AI Act and
NIS2. China strengthens a centralized, security- and data-control-oriented
model, whereas Japan maintains a pragmatic approach centered on voluntary
guidelines and productivity gains. Saudi Arabia links centralized strategies to
large-scale national projects, and Singapore advances a balanced regulatory
framework with agile implementation. Given widening cross-country divergence
in regulation and technology policy, the report highlights the need for Korean
software companies to proactively identify country- and technology-specific risks
and opportunities. It therefore provides a four-level regulatory intensity scale for
each country and technology—ranging from strongly enforceable legal obligations
to sector-limited mandates, guideline-based self-regulation, and legislation under
discussion—so firms can better assess compliance risks and market entry
opportunities and develop market-specific strategies.